Essay --

La adicciã ³n al tabaco es un problema muy comã ºn, es un producto que se vende a libre comercio, una droga social, que no estã ¡ mal vista, pero sin embrago es causa de muchas enfermedades que pueden acabar en la muerte. La adicciã ³n implica a su vez la existencia de tolerancia; sã ­ndrome de abstinencia y el consumo compulsivo de la droga. El head componente por lo cual esta droga es tan adictiva es la nicotina, cada vez que inhala, el fumador promedio expend entre 1 y 2 mg de nicotina por tabaco (Jacome, 2012). Se involucra el factor social y psicolã ³gico del fumador que incrementa y justifica su consumo asociado an otras drogas como el liquor, haciã ©ndolo una tendencia o costumbre, lo que provoca city hall leader consumo de tabaco y a su vez chairman dependencia; entre las costumbres mã ¡s comunes estã ¡n el â€Å"fumar despuã ©s de comer†, â€Å"fumar mientras se bebe†, â€Å"fumar bets de dormir†, entre otras. 2.1.2 Historia del tabaco y situaciã ³n genuine El consumo del tabaco es un acto que viene produciã ©ndose desde hace mã ¡s de 2000 aã ±os. En la actualidad se vive en un mundo mã ¡s comunicado y tecnolã ³gico que demuestra la magnitud de este problema, es una costumbre worldwide. Se ha demostrado que la mayorã ­a de los fumadores comienzan el consumo del tabaco en la adolescencia. El mundo cuenta en la actualidad con aproximadamente 1300 millones de fumadores, lo que viene a suponer que casi uno de cada tres adultos del planeta fuman (Sanchez, 2010). Se estima la muerte de mas de 5 millones de personas al aã ±o por el consumo del tabaco, lo que indica una cifra de 14.000 cada dã ­a. Esto se da en city hall leader parte en paises en vias de desarrollo ya que tienen un menor grado de conciencia en comparaciã ³n con los desarrollados que child mã ¡s realistas y saben mã ¡s de à ©sta epidemia. L... ...prioridad de salud pã ºblica?, s.f). Las tã ©cnicas aversivas tambiã ©n child de mucha ayuda, estas se llevan a cabo a travã ©s de la asociaciã ³n del tabaco con estã ­mulos desagradables para asã ­ provocar una sensaciã ³n de rechazo frente al tabaco. Otra tã ©cnica existente es la tã ©cnica de autocontrol, ideada para que el propio fumador pueda aplicarse estrategias que limiten su conducta con relaciã ³n al tabaco, de esta forma el fumador puede analizar y tomar conciencia de los detalles de su forma de consumo para luego realizar modificaciones voluntarias del hã ¡bito. Existen tambiã ©n terapias alternativas que pueden ayudar a dejar de fumar, como la hipnosis, la meditaciã ³n, la acupuntura y el Tai Chi. Estas terapias pueden ayudar a las personas que necesitan superar emergency de ansiedad, irritabilidad, depresiã ³n, y otros sã ­ntomas de abstinencia relacionados con el consumo del tabaco.

Diversity Scholarship Essay Topics - How to Write About Diversity in Society

Diversity Scholarship Essay Topics - How to Write About Diversity in SocietyDiversity scholarship essay topics are easy to come up with and they will allow you to express yourself in an interesting way. The diversity of opinions is the essence of this topic and it helps make your argument powerful. Let's take a look at some of the types of topics you might choose to write about.Diversity is an issue that many people today want to discuss. People want to do something for the betterment of society but not everyone has the time or resources to contribute. There are others who want to do something to help a certain group of people who are in a disadvantage. Diversity in an organization or group can be advantageous, but not everyone who belongs to that group thinks alike.The good news is that everybody should be able to agree that there is no bad thing in diversity. It's the way you show that diversity can be beneficial that makes diversity scholarship essay topics fun. So don't lose sigh t of that fact!One of the advantages of writing for diversity is that you have more options than if you were going for diversity in an individual person. This is because everybody can agree that it is advantageous to be diverse. The downside to this however is that some people can be intolerant or judgmental. They might think the differences between them and other members of their own group are too big. These people must be challenged and this can be done through diversity scholarship essay topics.Another thing to consider is that there is a lot of diversity in things. For example, humans have a tendency to discriminate based on race and ethnicity. People can be insensitive in this way. Other things that have a diversity of opinions are things like music, politics, religion, technology, and much more.Diversity of opinion is something that people often forget. Diversity of opinions is what allows people to come together. Many groups are good at coming together and helping each other. This is what is so great about diversity in business.Diversity in an organization or group can be advantageous but not everyone who belongs to that group thinks alike. They might be intolerant or judgmental. They might be similar, but they might not like the way the other ones behave. This is where diversity in business can really benefit people by pushing them to interact with each other and thinking beyond their own boundaries.Diversity scholarship essay topics are great ideas because they can easily reflect a diversity of views. The other thing is that you don't have to fit your arguments into a specific topic. You can add your own opinions and make yours unique. You might even go above and beyond and make it a debate.

The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde - 832 Words

The Vanity of Man Vanity and undeniable ego are characteristics of self-destructive properties. In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde shows how these can lead to a man’s downfall. He displays this through the character of Dorian Gray. The novel explains how as Dorian grows up and through his life, he is ultimately destroyed by his own ego, vanity and inability to change or realize how what he does affects not only him but the lives of those around him. Dorian Gray struggles throughout the novel with the daunting facts that he is Vane, has an enormous ego and cannot realize the full extent of his own actions Dorian expresses his undeniable vanity all the while inflating his ego. His ego is expressed when he views the picture of himself that Basil has pained of him and he believes that it has undeniable beauty that he enjoys. When he sees it he says that he would give everything if it were him â€Å"who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old!† (Wilde 19). The making of this wish is because Dorian loves himself and his looks more than anything and doesn’t was his physique to be tarnished with age and the problems that come with it. This wish is what results in the problems that he himself has to endure throughout the novel. The wish in the end hurts him more than hurts him. Dorian similarly has a very big ego relating to his social standing in the community he is a part of. When he almost got blackballed at the West End club he believes thatShow MoreRelatedThe Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde2792 Words   |  12 Pages The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde In Oscar Wilde’s first novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde strategically uses his main characters Lord Henry Wotton and Basil Hallward to represent good versus evil influences throughout the reading. In the book, Dorian Gray plays the role of the everyman who is in a vicious circle on having to decide between the side of good or evil. Lord Henry is the evil influence and is seen as a more devil-like character while Basil Hallward is the good ChristianityRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde1523 Words   |  7 PagesReader Response Entry #6: Chapters 10-11 The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde was not received well by critics when it was published in 1890. This was because it contained themes of homosexuality and was considered scandalous. Now, it is just considered a philosophical novel dealing with morals. I think that this book would very much be viewed as indecent in Wilde’s time. For example, when talking about Dorian’s public image, Wilde writes, â€Å"Society--civilized society, at least--is never veryRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde1967 Words   |  8 Pages In The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde disputes the role and conflicts between Aestheticism and morality. He exposes his contradictions and inner struggles throughout his three main characters: Lord Henry, a nobleman who criticizes the moralism and hypocrisy of Victorian society and openly expresses his Aesthetic thoughts, Dorian Gray, a handsome model influenced by Lord Henry’s views on beauty and morality, and Basil Hallward, an artist captivated by Dorian’s beauty. The novel mainly dealsRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde1414 Words   |  6 Pagesto me†¦(â€Å"Fallenoracle†).† This quote from the tv series Quantico does an effective job of expressing what Lord Henry’s influence has done to Dorian Gray throughout the philosophical novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde. While some might argue that Dorian s actual nature does not change significantly, an additional perspective is that Dorian Gray is a dynamic char acter that gains negative character traits by becoming vain of his youth, increasingly paranoid of someone learning of his portraitRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde1060 Words   |  5 PagesThe Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde is a philosophical/gothic fiction. Setting: The novel takes place in the peak of the Decadent artistic movement of the 1890s, which occurred in the Victorian era of London and is known for its judgmental social standards, highlighting the contrast between the wealthier, materialistic higher classes and the dull middle-class society, making the novel more audacious. Plot: A famous artist named Basil Hallward completes his first portrait of Dorian Gray: aRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde687 Words   |  3 PagesThesis-In The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, main character, Dorian Gray , in his times of greatest pain chooses to focus only on what is beautiful which leads to his death and shows that beauty obscures reality. Dorian Grays romantic interest, Sibyl kills herself after an altercation with Dorian; he looks at the nature around him to avoid the reality of the suicide that he has caused. Dorian first sees Sibyl when she acts at a rundown and low quality theater. She acts as many charactersRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray : Oscar Wilde2014 Words   |  9 PagesAdrian Balakumar Mr.Sal AP Lit 15 December 2014 The Picture of Dorian Gray - Oscar Wilde 1) In the book, The Picture of Dorian Gray, several characteristics of the world have been presented. The author portrays the world as a den of individuals with a skewed view of the immediate environment. The author depicts the world as a place where physical traits like beauty or handsomeness are important than a person’s virtues. Dorian spends his time studying music and other beautiful things that life hasRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray By Oscar Wilde1731 Words   |  7 PagesMy choice for this summer reading assignment was to read The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde. This is a philosophical fiction novel meaning it devotes a significant portion of the novel to sort the questions that are addressed in discursive philosophy, that can include: the role in society, the purpose of living, ethnic or morals, experience, etc. Throughout history art has played a huge role in portraying the structure of society and how the people play in it.The novel takes place in theRe ad MoreThe Influences of Oscar Wilde The Picture of Dorian Gray1582 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influences of Oscar Wilde Throughout his life Oscar Wilde had many strong influences exerted upon him. During his early childhood his mother influenced him and into college some of his professors and certain philosophers left a substantial impression upon him. Into adulthood these influences leaked out in his writing. These influences gave him ample ideas for writing The Picture of Dorian Gray. Wildes study of the Hellenistic ideals of Epicurus, his coddled lifestyle as a child and his devotionRead MoreOscar Wilde s The Picture Of Dorian Gray1544 Words   |  7 Pagescelebrity I find that it is inevitable to avoid being a part of some sort of controversy. At the height of Oscar Wilde’s career is where he found himself in just that. Although Wilde’s novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray is praised today, in the late 1800s it was seen by others as a negative shift in society and literature. In the film â€Å"Wilde†, after the release of The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde’s wife Constance and his mother Jane have a conversation in regards to the novel that gives insight to

State Regulation Of Natural Gas Production - 1023 Words

Early April 2016, in an attempt to improve his approval rating amongst Michiganders and show that the filtered water in Flint is safe to drink, Governor Snyder pledged to drink and cook with the water for a month. The actions of Governor Snyder’s and the State’s broadcast of ongoing criminal charges was an attempt to fulfill the public’s need for transparency and accountability. Other elected officials throughout history have used a similar tactic to try to bring their point home. In the 80s, Chicago Mayor Jane Byrne moved into Cabrini-Green public housing during a wave of gun violence. Governor Hugh Carey of New York, known for being able to handle himself exceptionally well during a crisis once offered to drink a glass of†¦show more content†¦Not only was it publicized in the news and radio but social media as well. Most of the criticism came from public Twitter rants and Facebook posts. Flint residents took to the streets in protest. This would eventually lead up to the formation of the Community Development Organization. This forum allowed individuals to share information with communities affected by the Flint water crisis. Governor Snyder was faced with a PR nightmare. So much so that he need hired public relations firm Mercury LLC to help with communication while the rest of his staff focused on helping Flint residents. The firm would provide assistance by helping Snyder formulate a response to the state on the Flint crisis. Furthermore, Snyder’s website Moving Michigan Forward would be updated. Previously the website focused on helping raise funds for social welfare organizations. The website had added an additional logo and slogan, â€Å"Taking action on Flint.† This section will provide viewers with up to date information and an opportunity to make donations to ensure the people of Flint receive the resources they need. Prior to taking office in 2011, Gov. Snyder was a former computer company executive. His PR team suggested his tactical approach be that of a corporate CEO. â€Å"Snyder needs to lay out the facts of the crisis, provide reassurance by telling what is being done to help and to assure nothing similar can happen in the future, and express concern for the

Explain How the Role of the Teacher Changes in the Process...

In this essay, I will define the term normalisation linking it with the concept of deviations. I will also outline the environmental aspects that support normalization, explain the maturational nature of normalisation, describe the teachers initial approach with new children, explain the change in the teachers role as each child begins to concentrate and focus on activities, and finally I will give reasons why a child might regress. There are four characteristics that appear in every child that is developing normally. These are; love of work, concentration, self-discipline and sociability. Therefore normalisation is the process, through which the child obtains these characteristics, by repeatedly concentrating all of her/his attention on†¦show more content†¦Luckily s/he is not completely fixed in her/his deviations that the teachers efforts to correct them are in vain. The childs inner discipline and concentration are hidden just below the surface and need only the right activity to bring them out of hiding. The teacher, when approaching the child, must be calm, firm and patient. Neither kindness nor severity will help the child to concentrate. The teacher must offer the child interesting activities that use her/his psychic energy in a productive way. When the child has found an activity that interests her/him, the teacher has to show the child how to do the activity, and then the teacher may step back and allow the child to perform the activity. The teacher must ensure that the child can use the activity properly before placing it freely at her/his disposal, because if they do not, the minute the child turns her back the child will play with the activity in the most stupid way. This will not help their normalisation in any way. At that moment when the normalisation has begun and the child is completely engrossed in the activity the teacher must never interrupt them, for as long as this concentration lasts. As the child begins to concentrate and focus, the teachers role changes from an active one to one of quiet observation. The teacher must put herself in the back ground; she must ensure that nothing she does will disturb the childs concentration. As the momentsShow MoreRelatedEssay on Normailisation (Montessori)1751 Words   |  8 PagesDefine the term normalisation, linking it with the concept of deviations. (10)Outline the importance of the favourable environment in supporting normalisation.(20)Explain the maturational nature of normalisation linked to the child’s growing socialisation – link to the social embryonic stage of the absorbent mind.(10)Describe the teacher’s initial approach with new children.(10) Explain the change in the teacher’s role as each child begins to concentrate and focus on activities, and the impact thisRead MoreMontessori: Preparing a Child for the Futur8416 Words   |  34 Pagessmall society that is preparing the child for hi s future. Guiding him towards finding his role in the Universe; that he has a responsibility to nature; and to be respectful to everything in the Universe. To enable the directress to channel the children towards these goals she must â€Å"believe that the child before her will show his true nature when he finds a piece of work that attracts him.† This is a delicate process and requires many aspects to be considered before this can be achieved. Many, who have

Curfews free essay sample

Kate Fernando Ms. Turner English 155 September 12. 2013 Rough Draft Whether we see or hear something bad happening in our society today, we sometimes ignore what goes on because were too busy with our everyday lives. From time to time, we hear or see that bad things also happen at night. Thats why parents chose to give their children a curfew. Parents want their children to be safe inside their own home rather than running around at night until morning. Children who grow up and have a curfew sometimes think that their parents are being unfair because they cant be out for a long time and have to be home at a certain time. What parents need to teach their kids is that bad things dont Just happen in the morning but can also happen at night. Children who get home early can be in bed earlier and have a good night sleep because they need all of that energy for when they go to school the next day. Teens can also have more time for activities of their own if theyre not around the streets. Although, it is a wise thing to give parents their kids a curfew, theres another side to it. If a teen has any after school activities and it has to last past curfew then how would they make it work if they need to be home before time? Parents who dont stop their children from breaking the rules could face a 100 fine on the first offense. The third one could get them in Jail with a $500 fine. Parents worry less about arrest and teens being in inappropriate places. This helps the community because teens that are out late are more involved in bad behavior like vandalism, sexual activities and violence. Another reason why curfews help is because some teens would get scared of getting caught for being out and committing crimes. Most parents of kids who get in trouble are strict and follow the law. What a arent should do is that they shouldnt give in. Theyre at a point in life when they are pushing boundaries. Its understood that kids need their freedom but its also understood that parents get worried about them being friends with their friends that sometimes they forget that their children need guidance and structure in order to survive on their own later in life. Theres nothing wrong with setting a curfew for 11 PM for children who are under 18. The bad side to giving children curfew is theyre going to rebel against their parents. Any rules you give to anyone, some are going to bend it little by little to he point where they think they control anything. Thats where any parent has to put their foot down and show their kids the consequences that go along with it. Heres another few arguments on some people think that teenagers shouldnt be given a curfew besides them being a rebel. When teenagers have to come in the house at a certain time they feel that they need to get everything done in the house. It also makes teenagers want to sneak out more. If curfews were a little later they would have a better chance of going in the house before they have to and staying out of trouble. Some teens dont like going home early because if they have a problem, they would rather chose to be out Witt no worries. They like to think and be alone. Teenagers feel like they arent growing up by having a curfew. They feel like they are being looked after like children. Teens and children need to feel like their parents have some trust in them. Some people think that setting curfews on teens is meaning less and a waste of money. They think that even though a curfew or a rule is given, people think that everything will solve the problem. The reality is sometimes it doesnt. Rules will still be broken. The bad thing about curfew is that the temptation teens have to break the curfew because it is in every teen to do the opposite of what people tell them to do. No matter what anyone does, teens are still out and committing crimes and getting arrested. Curfews are there to help teens, but they can also be pointless as well. These are some cons that go a long with giving teens a curfew. The way that I see it though is giving teens and curfew is a good idea. I say that because growing up I was given a curfew. Although people think that it doesnt work, it actually does sometimes. It all depends on the type of environment people grow up in and the kind of disciplined they get. One other problem is that teens that have Jobs and they need to work at night. They shouldnt be punished for it because its not their fault that they have to work. When youre out at a certain time, there will be a lot of police monitoring the place but why should you be monitored as well if youre not doing anything bad. What I realized while trying to learn more about writing this paper is that there are more cons than pros to children who have a curfew. A lot of research that Eve one always says that the reason why these curfews and rules are given to kids who have a lot to learn is that they can become prepared once theyre on their own. Another part of my research is that kids need their sleep. If theyre out all night, they wont be able to concentrate the next day. They could end up sleeping during class time and get them in trouble. Depending on the cultural background people come from, its different in every household. There are some parents who give their children a curfew because of how they were raised and then there are some parents who dont give their children a refer or any rules because they werent raised like that. Theres nothing wrong with how parents raise their children. Sometimes its about the discipline and if children can make it on their own later on in life. Why I even chose to talk about this topic is also because of the way that I grew up. I was given all these rules and also had a curfew. Growing up I never understood why my parents were being so strict but then I realized that theyre only doing that because there are a lot of things going on it the world. I also used to think that they were being unfair because Im a girl and Im the baby of the family. I also realized that some girls dont easily get away with things because although we hate to admit it, sometimes thing easily happen when youre a girl rather than a boy. My parents let my brother do things that I couldnt do. Sometimes I resented them for that but now I appreciate what they do. Like I talked about earlier in my paper about is that depending on where you come from the rules are different. Teens go on and on about how their parents treat them like kids because they dont get enough freedom. I know how that is but what some people dont realize is that they only want whats best for us. Just like if you grow up in the Philippines. People who live in metro manila think that its unnecessary. Curfews arent given Just because your parents come trot a deterrent culture, its given because of your own protection. Its more about understanding why giving a curfew especially since in our community throughout the years have been bad. Even though things happen during the day, it can also happen at night as well. The problem with the generation today is that people like to show off. Once they hear that their own peer gets to stay out late, they want to do the same. The most pressure a teen gets is hen theyre in high school. A lot of kids think that they can do what they want Just because they turn 16 or 18 and have a car. Some kids dont, so they get Jealous and find a way to get what they want. Thats when they start to rebel against their parents. They argue until they get what they want. Some of my family and friends that Eve spent time with, told me while they were growing up, they used to sneak out while their parents were sleeping because they wanted to hangout with their friends, boyfriend or girlfriend. I get that we like to do things while were growing up because f all the temptations there are in the world but sometimes the things we decide to do arent the best decisions we make. The only best way to have some what of a compromise when youre young and you want to be out late more is to tell your parents where youre at and who youre with. Some people dont even bother to tell them where theyre at and come home late. They expect not to get in trouble when they get home. One other reason why its a good idea for you tell your parents where youre at is so that they dont go on and call the police that can save a lot of trouble for everyone. Another way to make things eater if youre going to be out late is that you can have a friend or someone with you so that way if youre out late and you tell youre parents your with someone they know then that could also save a lot of arguments. Another thing I would like to talk about learning from experience is one of my cousins. She grew up from a broken family. It was only my aunt, my cousin and her sister together for more than 18 plus years. My two cousins are very different from each other. The other one follows the rules and doesnt do anything bad. Her sister on the other hand grew up to be a rebel. While he was in middle school, she would chose to hangout with her friends rather than do homework or stay in the house. One time we heard that her mom had called the police because she wasnt inside her room. She had snuck out through the window to go hangout with her friends late a night. She came home the next day with her mom so worried that she got grounded and wasnt allowed to go out for a while. Now my stories are different because like I said, I grew up differently. My parents believed that it was best for them to set rules for me not because theyre being unfair but simply because they care. Especially when my brother left for college. I was the last one in the house besides my parent. I had a lot of chores to do and make sure I was doing well in school. From what I can remember is that during school hours, I was limited to hanging out with friends because my parents wanted me to do focus on school and hangout later when I got done with everything. I found out from some of my friends that even though we had school, we were still allowed to hangout. I started to become a rebel and I decided to not do well in school because of how some of my family members and friends are allowed to do things that I couldnt do. That eventually caught up to me and I faced serious consequences. After all the things that I did from before, I learned not to do it again. Its always a learning experience when we do things. Sometimes we nave to learn the nard way bettor we can really understand that what we isnt a good idea. What teens like to do is they like to explore new things and thats good. The only problem with teens wanting to explore new things is that its not always a good thing to do that. This is one of the things that could get teens into serious trouble as well. The problem with our enervation today is that children want to grow up faster. They want to be able to do things on their own. They think that they dont need help. One big part of the reason why giving a curfew is a good idea is because teens dont understand that if drink and drive, they can cause accidents. Whats worse is that they could end up killing someone. With all the research I have done, in my opinion. I think that it wouldnt hurt for a parent to give their kids a curfew because theyll learn to have a better relationship with their own kids. Kids also learn to be more responsible.

Tata Motors Hbr Case Profitability of the Nano Essay Example

Tata Motors Hbr Case Profitability of the Nano Essay Memorandum To Chairman, Tata Motors Ltd Issue Profitable Production of the Nano Issues A primary issue Tata must consider is the current and future profitability of the Nano. In order to determine if their strategy of entering the small car market is feasible, the influences on the industry must be evaluated. If evaluation of the industry indicates that future profitability is in question, the company must consider canceling the project, or focus on areas where Tata can influence the industry to improve the likelihood of profitability. Analysis Profitability/Feasibility One must consider the sensitivity to prices and the affordability of the car to the primary target market (India). Case Exhibit 3 estimates that 21% of households have income levels high enough to be considered part of the target market (ie: families that may own a motorcycle or small car), with almost all (98%) residing in the $4000-$10000 income bracket. Even at low gros margins, the Nano would be 22% of household income for those families that make $10000 annual income. Although 40 million households are estimated to be in the $4K $10K income bracket, it can be expected that a small number of these will be earning $10,000. Therefore, the target market can be considered greatly reduced, and their price sensitivities very high. However, as discussed, it can be assumed that these households already have a motorcycle, and approx 2 million could switch to a cheap car. In the analysis of Case Exhibit 6 there is no reference to Labour or SGA costs for the Nano. We will write a custom essay sample on Tata Motors Hbr Case Profitability of the Nano specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tata Motors Hbr Case Profitability of the Nano specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tata Motors Hbr Case Profitability of the Nano specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When these are estimated (general and admin costs assumed to be negligible due to Tata’s current operations of vehicle production), the cost of the Nano rises to a point where $2200 (USD) per unit price will not be profitable. If the 24% Post Manufacturing Tax remains (p. 18), a promotional budget is included (assumed to be 20% of per-unit sales up to first 250,000 units), and labour cost/unit is included (Appendix Exhibit 1), the sale price of the Nano must rise to approximately $2600USD (Appendix Exhibit 2). Also, current profitability is a poor indicator for future profitability. A rise in raw material price will mean a rise in price of supplies (eg: steel). The already near-zero profit margins will diminish without an increase in selling price. Industry/Strategy Tata is entering a new market, and a careful analysis of the competitive forces in India must be carried out (see Appendix Exhibit 3 – Porter’s Five Forces). Considering rivalry, Tata is the leader on price. This gives them a very important competitive advantage in a highly price-sensitive market. Although market share has large potential for increasing, the threat of new entrants increases the rivalry over the coming years. The advantage for Tata lies in sourcing low-cost inputs through a unique supply chain. The supply chain is supported by inputs from suppliers in close proximity to the Tata facility, and is characterized by a high number of suppliers competing with one another for the Tata business. There are many input substitutes available with a relatively low purchasing cost. This places Tata in a strong position over suppliers and allows them to manufacture cars at a low cost. The competitive force of the buyer can be considered low for the Indian market. Since the Nano will be the cheapest car available, it may be the only option for many car buyers and there will be few substitutes available until foreign competitors can establish a similar low-cost structure. The buyer gains leverage with very high price sensitivity, essentially in the form of affordability. The barriers to entry are in favour of Tata. They can realize economies of scale in terms of increasing their capacity for vehicle production, their efforts in promotion, labour and material inputs, and distribution facilities. These will be difficult barriers to overcome for new entrants, and high (or increasing) average costs may keep competitors from entering. The government taxation policy also serves as a barrier to profitability for manufacturers. A high threat of substitutes will be a competitive force against Tata, as consumers opt for the popular and cheaper options of motorcycles or public transit. In terms of car substitutes, however, Tata has the advantage of lowest cost. Ethical Considerations An ethical consideration is whether Tata’s values are in the right place and, if so, are they truthful? The Chairman proclaims the Nano is â€Å"the people’s car†. However, will an increase in cars really have a positive effect on the productivity and quality of life of the average Indian? Despite the Nano’s low emissions, pollution will increase with a dramatic increase in cars. Also, congestion will have a negative impact on urban centres, and the quality of the car is not suitable for rural roads. If the Chairman’s values really are with the interests of the people, the resources for the Nano could be redirected to efforts in improving infrastructure and mass transit systems. Recommendations Based on the assessment of current and future profitability, I am recommending Tata move forward with production, but maintain as narrow a margin as possible to establish early market penetration and brand equity. The goal of $2200USD selling price is unprofitable and unrealistic. Even at the selling prices described in Appendix Table 2, Tata will still be the leader in cost competitiveness. They should therefore implement a higher selling price. As was described in the competitive forces model, Tata must retain its â€Å"First Mover† position. To accomplish this, Tata needs to continue to keep their suppliers in a technology development and low-cost race, and ensure an increase in car manufacturers does not provide the suppliers with greater competitive force. Finally, international market share is a requirement, as the Indian market will quickly become diluted. Tata can distribute in their currently occupied markets of Southern and Eastern Europe, and can also use this opportunity to raise prices to increase margins to cover the narrow margins in India. Before Tata can establish itself in other developing countries, the profitability of the business model must first be proven in its home country. Word Count: 1012 Exhibit 1 |Labour Costs / Car | |Cars per year |250000 | |Number of Employees |2000 | |Employees as Percentage of Cars Produced |0. % | |Average Employee Salary | $5,500. 00 | |cars / employee / year |125 | |Labour Costs / Car | $44 | Exhibit 2 Nano Costs (adapted from Case Exhibit 6 Making the Nano)-in USD |24% Post Man Tax |16% Post Man Tax | |(INR:USD=45:1) | | | |Total Parts / Supplies | $1,477 | $1,477 | |Labour / Car |$44 |$44 | |Post Manufacturing Tax | $533 | $355 | |Sales Tax $89 | $89 | |Total Variable Cost per Unit | $2,144 | $1,965 | |SGA / Car (20% of Costs per Unit) | $429 | $429 | |Total Unit Cost | $2,572 | $2,394 | |Selling Price (Gros Margin Target 5. 5%) | $2,714 | $2,526 | |Selling Price (Gros Margin Target 2. 5%) | $2,637 | $2,454 | Exhibit 3 [pic]